If you go to the nation’s official World War I Museum, in Kansas City, Missouri, you might see a paving stone that reads: And you might say, “Huh?” So here’s his story, just for you to know: In 1917 Connecticut, a terrier puppy strayed onto a Yale University field, where soldiers were training to fight in World War I. There is MUCH to say about WORLD-CHANGING WWI. For instance, it began late summer, 1914 Europe. On April 6, 1917, the US joined 23 other Allies, such as Great Britain, in their fight against the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. The puppy quickly learned army life and lots of tricks. Private John R. Conroy adopted the pup he named “Stubby” and tried to sneak him overseas. When Stubby was discovered, he charmed the angry officer by raising his right paw and saluting him! Stubby and Conroy served in France, by Germany’s border, where millions of soldiers fought one another along a 450-mile battle line. This was WWI’s deadly Western Front. Soon, Stubby was nearly killed by poison gas. Because the attack sensitized his nose, he became a barking, life-saving, put-your-mask-on early warning device! With his sensitive ears, Stubby could hear a lost or injured man then go help him. Once, he heard a suspicious-sounding man. Stubby chased and caught a German SPY by the seat of his pants! For this, SERGEANT STUBBY, the official mascot of the 26th Division of the American Expeditionary Forces, became the first dog ever promoted by the US Armed Forces. WWI ended when the victorious Allies made their enemies agree to an ARMISTICE: As of 11 A.M. November 11, 1918, the fighting would STOP. For his brave actions, battle-scarred Sgt. Stubby was WWI’s most decorated dog. Even the top US officer, General John J. Pershing himself, gave him a medal! How did Stubby wear his awards? They were attached to his soft leather blanket, made by grateful Frenchwomen. Stubby met three Presidents (Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge). In America, Stubby was in LOTS of victory parades and he appeared at Georgetown University football games, too, as their team mascot. (Conroy studied law there.) Faithful Sgt. Stubby was about ten when he passed away in Conroy’s arms on March 16, 1926. His obituary was printed in the New York Times. Still, you can visit Stubby (his preserved remains anyway), in Washington, DC, at the Smithsonian Museum of American History. Ghosts of the Civil War is author/illustrator Cheryl Harness's popular sequel to her Ghosts of the White House. Here she takes readers on a fantastical, factual time travel journey through the Americans' tragic war between themselves. MLA 8 Citation Harness, Cheryl. "Sergeant Stubby." Nonfiction Minute, iNK Think Tank, 5 Oct. 2017, www.nonfictionminute.org/the-nonfiction-minute/sergeant-stubby.
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On December 17, 1903, a fragile craft, constructed of wood, baling wire, and muslin cloth, lifted into the air and flew for twelve seconds across the sands of Kill Devil Hill on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. It may not seem like much now but, as the pilot Orville Wright said, “It was the first time in the history of the world in which a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its own power into the air in full flight.” What had eluded scientific minds for centuries – heavier-than-air flight – had finally become a reality, thanks to Wilbur and Orville Wright, two bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio. In the following decades, aviation would remain fraught with danger. After the dreamers and inventors came the men and women who, against staggering odds, risked their lives. Most people have heard of Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart, but there were many other pioneer pilots. In 1909 Louis Blëriot winged across the English Channel. Two years later, Cal Rodgers spanned the American continent in a series of short hops. Lindbergh was not the only one to conquer the North Atlantic, although the first person to do it alone. Eight years earlier, two Englishmen, John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown, flew from Newfoundland to Ireland non-stop – a hair-raising adventure in which Brown at high altitude and subzero temperature had climbed out on top of the fuselage to remove ice covering the fuel dial. Daredevils and barnstormers dominated the late 1920s, and hazardous air races were the rage in the 1930s, which included Beryl Markham’s crossing of the Atlantic from east to west in strong headwinds. The decade also marked the beginning of airlines and regular airmail service. Since then, our ancient dream of flying has been realized beyond imagination. In 1947, Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier. Ten years later, Russians launched Sputnik 1, the first passenger-carrying object ever hurled into space. As the Montgolfier brothers had done two centuries earlier, the Russians turned to the animal kingdom for a passenger – in their case the dog Laika. When, in 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the Moon’s Sea of Tranquility, he carried a small piece of linen from the Wright Brother’s original flier. It was fitting tribute to those bold, even reckless, people who persevered for the thrill, as Beryl Markham put it, of that “momentary escape from the eternal custody of the earth.” Bo Zaunders has written four nonfiction books for children and illustrated two. He is also a photographer specializing in food and travel. Like Corrigan, he loves adventures. You can find Feathers, Flaps & Flops in the iNK Books & Media Store. In 1507, John Damian, an Italian living in Scotland, made a pair of feathered wings and leaped off a castle wall. His destination: France. Instead he plunged straight down into a pile of manure and broke a leg. Many before him had tried to fly on homemade wings and failed just as miserably. But none had Damian’s explanation for his lack of success. “I shouldn’t have used chicken feathers,” he said. “After all, chickens don’t fly. Had I used eagles’ feathers, I could have made it all the way to France.” But he didn’t try again. Early attempts to fly had a fatal flaw. They depended on muscle power - to fly like a bird, a person would need a six-foot chest. Throughout history, people have gone to extraordinary lengths pursuing the dream of human flight. Leonardo da Vinci filled hundreds of pages with sketches of flying machines, and much earlier, around 1500 BC, King Kavus of Persia had eagles strapped to a wooden throne, to which were attached long poles with legs of mutton. When the birds flapped to get to the meat, they lifted the royal seat into the air. They soon dropped his majesty in a nearby forest. Ever after, Kavus was known as the Foolish King. Human limitation didn’t apply to mythology, where flying is a popular theme: Hermes, the Greek god, flew with wings on sandals and helmet; the Scandinavian Thor thundered through the skies in a chariot drawn by goats; and Icarus, with wings of wax, flew too close to the sun, plunging into what is known as the Icarian Sea. Before airplanes there were kites and balloons. In 1783, the Montgolfier brothers launched their first hot air balloon. Two years later Blanchard and Jeffries ballooned across the English Channel. To keep aloft, they threw out a bottle of cognac and practically all their clothing before landing on top of a tree. Then came dirigibles – steerable balloons with engines. In 1901, the Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont became the toast of Paris after circling the Eiffel Tower in a dirigible. Most famous was the mammoth Graf Zeppelin, a 776-foot-long dirigible, which in the 1920s and 30s carried mail and passengers across the Atlantic. All this ended tragically in 1937 when the Hindenburg, a sister ship, burst into flames landing in New York. But man’s dream of flying was coming true, beginning with the Wright Brothers. Part II coming next week. Bo Zaunders has written four nonfiction books for children and illustrated two. He is also a photographer specializing in food and travel. Like Corrigan, he loves adventures. Here, you can find Feathers, Flaps & Flops
During the Civil War, soldiers loved to eat and to sing. One of their favorite songs was about food they hated: “Hardtack, Come Again No More!” It was a parody of composer Stephen Foster’s popular 1854 tune “Hard Times Come Again No More.” Hardtack was a thick cracker that formed the men's basic ration. Nearly every soldier received nine or ten every day. Hardtack lived up to the “hard” part of its name. Soldiers often had trouble crunching the rock-like crackers and gave them nicknames such as “teeth dullers,” “sheet-iron crackers,” “jawbreakers,” and so on. According to a popular joke, a soldier bit into a piece of hardtack. “I found something soft!” he told his comrades. “What is it?” they asked. “A nail!” he replied. To make hardtack easier to eat, soldiers often bashed the crackers with the butt end of their rifles. They scooped up the crumbs and mixed them with bacon grease and salt pork to make a kind of mush called skillygalee. Hardtack had another nickname: “worm castles.” Worms frequently burrowed into the crackers. To get rid of those little wrigglers, soldiers dunked the crackers in hot coffee. The hardtack fell apart and the worms floated to the surface. Sometimes the men had contests to see whose hardtack had the most worms. Reportedly, the record was 32! Not everyone threw the little creatures away, though. One soldier explained that “They eat better than they look, and are so much clear gain in the way of fresh meat.” If hardtack had all these problems, why was it such an important part of the soldiers’ daily diet? First, it was easy and inexpensive to make. Every day 3 or 4 million crackers popped out of bakers’ ovens and were shipped to the armies in the field. Second, hardtack hardly ever spoiled. In 1898, U.S. Navy sailors in the Spanish-American War chowed down on hardtack baked more than 30 years earlier during the Civil War. Third, the crackers didn’t weigh very much. Soldiers could carry enough hardtack in their backpacks to eat for several days. Soldiers joked that they could stitch together crackers to make a bulletproof vest, though it’s doubtful that anyone actually did. Maybe they should have. In 2010, college students performed an experiment by firing pistol shots into chunks of hardtack. They were astonished to find that the crackers stopped the bullets! © Jim Whiting, 2014 Jim Whiting has written 250 nonfiction books. He's known as Washington State's most prolific children's book author. MLA 8 Citation Whiting, Jim. "Hard Crackers in Hard Times." Nonfiction Minute, iNK Think Tank, 12 Sept. 2017, www.nonfictionminute.org/the-nonfiction-minute/hard-crackers-in-hard-times. Kryptos stands in the shadow of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) headquarters in Langley, Virginia−waiting to be revealed. No, Kryptos is not a foreign spy. It is a mysterious sculpture. The large, curved copper monument is covered with 1800 cut-out letters that together form four separate coded messages. The sculpture was created by artist Jim Sanborn who was chosen to create it for the grounds of the CIA. When Sanborn began the work, he was not an expert in codes. He learned about writing codes and breaking codes from Ed Scheidt of the CIA. Kryptos stood there, like a silent challenge, after it was installed in 1990. Two years later men from the National Security Agency (NSA) set out to crack the code and they did solve the first three messages. Then in 1998 one man at the CIA also solved the first three. But neither agency publicly announced they had done it. Nine years after Kryptos was unveiled, Jim Gillogly was the first person who did not work for a government agency who solved the first three of four messages. These three messages are a poetic phrase, coordinates for a location on the grounds of the CIA, and an account of the opening of King Tut’s tomb. The fourth message is the shortest and only has 97 letters. For more than twenty years people all over the world have tried to figure it out. Sanborn, the creator of Kryptos, has grown impatient that the last section of Kryptos has not been solved. In 2010 he released a clue and revealed that one six word section of letters were code for the word “BERLIN.” Still no one could solve it. In November 2014, Sanborn announced another clue, a five word section of letters were code for the word “CLOCK.” Still the fourth message on the Kryptos code has not been broken. It remains one of the world’s most famous unsolved mysteries. Would you like to try to crack the fourth code of Kryptos? Here it is: OBKR UOXOGHULBSOLIFBBWFLRVQQPRNGKSSO TWTQSJQSSEKZZWATJKLUDIAWINFBNYP VTTMZFPKWGDKZXTJCDIGKUHUAUEKCAR Carla Killough McClafferty writes about international intrigue in her book In Defiance of Hitler: The Secret Mission of Varian Fry. In this book you will learn the true story of how one American man traveled to France during World War II with the intention of rescuing refugees from the Nazis. Fry lived a double life as he secretly smuggled people out of Europe. Ultimately Varian Fry’s efforts saved the lives of more than 2000 people. Carla McClafferty is a member of iNK's Authors on Call and is available for classroom programs through Field Trip Zoom, a terrific technology that requires only a computer, wifi, and a webcam. Click here to find out more. |
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